Ambient air pollutants relate to hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ganzhou, China

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between ambient air pollutants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in relatively low-polluted areas in China. METHODS Atmospheric pollutants levels and meteorological data were obtained from January 2016 to December 2020. The medical database including daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD10: J44) was derived from the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University. The generalized additive model was used to analyze the percentage change with 95% confidence interval in daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with a 10 µg/m3 increase in atmospheric pollutants levels. RESULTS In total, occurred 4,980 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions (not including emergency department visits) during 2016-2020. The mean concentrations of daily PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO were 37.5 μg/m3, 60.1 μg/m3, 18.7 μg/m3, 23.5 μg/m3, 70.0 μg/m3, and 1.2 mg/m3 in Ganzhou. Each 10 µg/m3 increment of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 were significantly associated with 2.8% (95%CI: 1.0-4.7), 1.3% (95%CI: 0.3-2.4), 2.8% (95%CI: 0.4-5.4), and 1.5% (95%CI: 0.2-2.7) elevation in daily chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions. The estimates of delayed effects of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 were observed at lag6, lag6, lag8, lag1, respectively. The health effects of particulate pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10) may be independent of other pollutants. The adverse effects of air pollutants were more evident in the warm season (May-Oct) than in the cold season (Nov-Apr). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that elevated concentrations of atmospheric pollutant (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3), especially particulate pollutants, can be associated with increased daily count of hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , which may promote further understanding of the potential hazards of relatively low levels of air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory disorders.

Impact of environmental pollution on the ocular surface of Sjögren's syndrome patients / Impacto da poluição ambiental na superfície ocular de pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of air pollution on the ocular surface of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Methods: We investigated the ocular surfaces of thirty patients with Sjögren's syndrome and thirty healthy volunteers (control group) living in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. We used nitrogen dioxide as an indicator of exposure to air pollution. An ocular symptoms questionnaire was answered by all subjects, who also underwent a complete ocular surface ophthalmic examination-including an Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, biomicroscopy, tear breakup time, Schirmer 1 test, corneal and conjunctival vital staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, tear lysozyme concentration, and impression cytology. Results: In almost all ocular surface test findings, we found a positive and significant correlation between higher levels of exposure to air pollution and higher levels of ocular surface damage in both the control group and Sjögren's syndrome patients. In Sjögren's syndrome patients, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear breakup time, vital staining and impression cytology showed a significant correlation between high levels of air pollution and ocular surface disease. In the control group, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear breakup time, and impression cytology showed a significant correlation between high levels of air pollution and ocular surface disease. Conclusions: Here we demonstrated that in patients with dry eye syndrome associated with Sjögren, abnormalities of the ocular surface and eye irritation related to air pollution are more severe than those in the control group. We believe that measuring air quality should be not only an integral part of the evaluation of ocular surface disease but also a therapeutic consideration.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da poluição do ar na superfície ocular de pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren. Métodos: Foram investigadas as superfícies oculares de trinta pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren e trinta voluntários saudáveis (grupo controle) residentes na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Usamos o dióxido de nitrogênio como um indicador de exposição à poluição do ar. Um questionário de sintomas oculares foi respondido por todos os indivíduos, que também foram submetidos a um exame oftalmológico completo da superfície ocular - incluindo um questionário do Índice da Doença da Superfície Ocular, biomicroscopia, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer 1, coloração da córnea e conjuntiva com fluoresceína e lissamina verde, concentração de lisozima lacrimal e citologia de impressão. Resultados: Em quase todos os achados do teste de superfície ocular, encontramos uma correlação positiva e significativa entre níveis mais altos de exposição à poluição do ar e níveis mais elevados de danos na superfície ocular tanto no grupo controle quanto nos pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren. Em pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren, o questionário do Índice da Doença da Superfície Ocular, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, coloração vital e citologia de impressão mostraram uma correlação significativa entre altos níveis de poluição do ar e doença da superfície ocular. No grupo controle, o questionário do Índice de Doenças da Superfície Ocular, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal e citologia de impressão mostraram uma correlação significativa entre altos níveis de poluição do ar e doença da superfície ocular. Conclusões: Aqui demonstramos que, pacientes com síndrome de olho seco associada a Sjögren, as anormalidades da superfície ocular e a irritação ocular relacionadas à poluição do ar são mais graves do que aquelas no grupo controle. Acreditamos que a medição da qualidade do ar não deve ser apenas uma parte integral da avaliação da doença da superfície ocular, mas também uma consideração terapêutica.

Exposure to NO2 and children hospitalization due to respiratory diseases in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil / Exposição ao NO2 e internações por doenças respiratórias em crianças em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil

Abstract The effects of exposure to air pollutants on human health are mainly reflected in respiratory diseases in children and elderly ones. An ecological time series study was carried out in Ribeirão Preto/SP data to examine the role of exposure to air pollutants and hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases in children under 10 years old. The study period was between January, 2011 and December, 2013. Particulate Matter (PM10), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3), temperature and air relative humidity, were analyzed to estimate the association with hospital admissions using a generalized linear model of Poisson's regression with lags of zero up to seven days after exposure to pollutants, adjusted by the day of the week, seasonality and effective temperature. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05. NO2, when analyzed in single pollutant model shown to be significant at lag 2 and 3 and when analyzed in the multi-pollutant model it shown to be significant at lags 2 up to 5, and lag 7 with relative risk between 1.05 and 1.09 per 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration, with an excess of 150 hospital admission and substantial increase in costs to Public Health System. The data enable the local health managers can take action to minimize these effects.

Resumo Os efeitos da exposição aos poluentes do ar sobre a saúde humana são principalmente refletidos nas doenças respiratórias, em crianças e idosos. Este estudo, do tipo ecológico de séries temporais, foi realizado em Ribeirão Preto/SP para examinar o papel da exposição a poluentes do ar e internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças de até 10 anos de idade. O período de estudo foi entre 01.01.2011 e 31.12.2013. Material partículado (PM10), dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2) e ozônio (O3), temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram analisadas para estimar a associação com internações hospitalares usando um modelo linear generalizado da regressão de Poisson com defasagens de zero até sete dias após a exposição, ajustado pelo dia da semana, sazonalidade e temperatura efetiva. Foi adotado alfa = 0,05. NO2 quando analisado no modelo unipoluente mostrou significância nos lags 2 e 3 e quando avaliado no modelo multi-poluente foi significativo nos lags 2 até 5, e lag 7, com risco relativo entre 1,05 e 1,09 por 10 μg/m3 de aumento em sua concentração, com excesso de 150 internações e aumento substancial dos custos para o sistema de saúde pública. Os dados permitem que o gestor local de saúde possa tomar medidas para minimizar estes efeitos.

Informe especial: Contaminante atmosférico:Dióxido de nitrógeno / Special report: Air pollutant: Nitrogen dioxide

El nitrógeno (N) es un gas sin olor, color ni sabor, que constituye el 78% del aire atmosférico, y en concentraciones dentro de límites normales, no es perjudicial para la salud. Su importancia como contaminante deriva de su capacidad de combinación con el oxígeno para formar diversos óxidos de nitrógeno. El dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) es un gas más denso que el aire, de color marrón rojizo y olor acre. Es definido como un contaminante, criterio que altera de manera importante el aire urbano. El NO2 es un contaminante en sí mismo y un precursor en la generación de otras moléculas nocivas para la salud. se presentan una serie de gráficos que permiten observar los valores de NO2 en las estaciones de Monitoreo de Calidad del Aire que posee la Ciudad (La Boca, Parque Centenario y Córdoba), las cuales registran las concentraciones de este contaminante en forma continua (durante 24 horas, los 365 días del año) mediante métodos homologados internacionalmente. (AU)

Atmospheric pollutants and hospital admissions due to pneumonia in children / Contaminantes atmosfericos e internaciones por neumonia en ninos / Poluentes atmosfericos e internacoes por pneumonia em criancas

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between exposure to air pollutants and hospitalizations due to pneumonia in children of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Time series ecological study, from 2007 to 2008. Daily data were obtained from the State Environmental Agency for Pollution Control for particulate matter, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, besides air temperature and relative humidity. The data concerning pneumonia admissions were collected in the public health system of Sorocaba. Correlations between the variables of interest using Pearson cofficient were calculated. Models with lags from zero to five days after exposure to pollutants were performed to analyze the association between the exposure to environmental pollutants and hospital admissions. The analysis used the generalized linear model of Poisson regression, being significant p<0.05. RESULTS: There were 1,825 admissions for pneumonia, with a daily mean of 2.5±2.1. There was a strong correlation between pollutants and hospital admissions, except for ozone. Regarding the Poisson regression analysis with the multi-pollutant model, only nitrogen dioxide was statistically significant in the same day (relative risk - RR=1.016), as well as particulate matter with a lag of four days (RR=1.009) after exposure to pollutants. CONCLUSIONS: There was an acute effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide and a later effect of exposure to particulate matter on children hospitalizations for pneumonia in Sorocaba. .

OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación entre la exposición a los contaminantes atmosféricos e internaciones por neumonía en la infancia, en Sorocaba, São Paulo (Brasil). MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico en series temporales, en el periodo de 2007 a 2008. Los datos diarios de las internaciones por neumonía fueron recogidos en la red pública del municipio. Se obtuvieron además los datos de los siguientes contaminantes, según la Compañía de Tecnología de Saneamiento Ambiental: material particulado, óxido nítrico, dióxido de nitrógeno y ozono, además de la temperatura y humedad relativa del aire. Las correlaciones entre las variables de interés fueron evaluadas por el coeficiente de Pearson. Para analizar la asociación entre la exposición a los contaminantes ambientales y las internaciones hospitalarias, se aplicaron modelos con desfases de cero a cinco días después de la exposición a los contaminantes. El análisis utilizó el modelo lineal generalizado de la regresión de Poisson y el nivel de significancia adoptado fue p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Hubo 1.825 internaciones por neumonía, con un promedio diario de 2,5±2,1. Se observaron fuertes correlaciones entre los contaminantes y las internaciones, excepto por el ozono. Respecto a la regresión de Poisson, en el análisis con el modelo multicontaminante, solamente el dióxido de nitrógeno presentó significancia estadística en el mismo día (riesgo relativo - RR=1,016), así como el material particulado en el desfase de cuatro días (RR=1,009) después de la exposición a los contaminantes. CONCLUSIONES: Se verificó efecto agudo de la exposición al dióxido de nitrógeno y efecto más tardío a la exposición al material particulado sobre las internaciones por neumonía ...

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre exposição aos poluentes atmosféricos e internações por pneumonia na infância, em Sorocaba, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais, no período de 2007 a 2008. Os dados diários das internações por pneumonia foram coletados na rede pública do município. Obtiveram-se também os dados dos seguintes poluentes, segundo a Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental: material particulado, óxido nítrico, dióxido de nitrogênio e ozônio, além da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar. As correlações entre as variáveis de interesse foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de Pearson. Para analisar a associação entre a exposição aos poluentes ambientais e as internações hospitalares, aplicaram-se modelos com defasagens de zero a cinco dias após a exposição aos poluentes. A análise utilizou o modelo linear generalizado da regressão de Poisson e o nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 1.825 internações por pneumonia, com a média diária de 2,5±2,1. Observaram-se correlações fortes entre os poluentes e as internações, com exceção do ozônio. Quanto à regressão de Poisson, na análise com o modelo multipoluente, apenas o dióxido de nitrogênio apresentou significância estatística no mesmo dia (risco relativo - RR=1,016), assim como o material particulado na defasagem de quatro dias (RR=1,009) após a exposição aos poluentes. CONCLUSÕES: Verificou-se efeito agudo da exposição ao dióxido de nitrogênio e efeito mais tardio da exposição ao material particulado sobre as internações por pneumonia em Sorocaba. .

Efectos proinflamatorios de la contaminación atmosférica / Proinflammatory effects of air pollution in Santiago de Chile

Intermittent exposure of rats to Santiago's traffic pollution is associated to a decrease in growth after more than 100 days (range: 101-111) and to histological lung damage after 90 and particularly after 180 days. Our aim was to assess whether a 90 days exposure of rats to air from a Santiago's heavy traffic avenue, is able to induce a systemic proinflammatory reaction. Thirty-days-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 7) were directly exposed to air from a heavy traffic avenue (8 h, 5 days a week, from April 27 to July 29, 2009). Controls (n = 7) breathed animal room air. Rats were weighed twice a week and after completing 90 days of observation, lungs were subjected to histopathology and C reactive protein, viscosity and F2-isoprostane in plasma and microhematocrit were determined in blood samples. Exposure to PM10, PM2.5, ozone, NO2 and CO were estimated from registrations of 4 Santiago's monitoring stations. Plasmatic C reactive protein and viscosity and microhematocrit were significantly increased after 90 days of exposure as compared to controls (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in F2-isoprostane, nor in lung histopathology, nor in body weight curve versus time in exposed as compared to control series. Hourly mean value of PM25 in the 8 h of exposure was high: 38.9 ug/m³. It is concluded that 90 days of intermittent exposure of rats to Santiago's air pollution would promote a systemic inflammatory reaction. This response to air pollution might precede the decrease in body growth and the histological lung damage reported previously by our laboratory in the same species after intermittent Santiago's urban air pollution exposure.

La exposición intermitente de ratas centinela a la contaminación del tráfico vehicular de Santiago se ha asociado a disminución del crecimiento corporal después de cien días de exposición (rango: 101-111) y a daño histopatológico del pulmón a los 90 días y más, especialmente a los 180 días de exposición. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si la exposición al aire de una avenida con elevado tráfico vehicular durante 90 días era capaz de inducir en la rata una respuesta inflamatoria sistémica. Ratas Sprague-Dawley de 30 días de edad (n = 7) fueron directamente expuestas a respirar el aire de una avenida con elevado flujo vehicular (8 h, 5 días por semana, desde el 27 de abril hasta el 29 de julio de 2009). Las ratas control (n = 7) respiraron aire del bioterio. Las ratas se pesaron dos veces por semana y después de completar 90 días de observación, los pulmones se destinaron a estudio histopatológico. Se realizó microhematocrito y se determinó proteína C reactiva, viscosidad y F2-isoprostano plasmáticos en muestras de sangre. La exposición a PM10, PM2,5, ozono, NO2 y CO se calculó de los registros de cuatro estaciones de monitoreo de Santiago. Después de 90 días de exposición se observó un aumento significativo (p < 0,05) de la proteína C reactiva y de la viscosidad plasmática y también del microhematocrito, en relación a la serie control. No se observaron cambios significativos en F2-isoprostano plasmático, ni en la histopatología pulmonar, ni en la curva de peso corporal versus tiempo al comparar la serie expuesta con la serie control. El promedio horario de PM2,5 en las 8 horas de exposición fue alto: 38,9 ug/m³. Concluimos que 90 días de exposición intermitente a la contaminación aérea de Santiago en el modelo experimental promueve una reacción inflamatoria sistémica. Esta respuesta a la contaminación aérea podría preceder a la disminución del crecimiento corporal y al daño histológico pulmonar encontrado en otro de nuestros estudios en esta misma especie después...

Effects of Personal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide on Peak Expiratory Flow in Asthmatic Patients / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has been inconsistently associated with gradual decreases in lung function. Here, we studied the effects of NO2 exposure in asthmatics by examining the association between changes in lung function and concentrations of NO2 which were personally measured. METHODS: Peak expiratory flow (PEF) and daily personal exposures to NO2 were recorded on 28 patients with asthma (confirmed by methacholine provocation test) over 4 weeks. We used generalized estimating equations to assess the relationship between personal NO2 exposure and PEF, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, gender, outdoor particulate matter, temperature, humidity, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. RESULTS: The personal NO2 exposures were higher than the corresponding ambient levels. The mean personal: ambient ratio for NO2 was 1.48. The personal NO2 exposures were not associated with the morning PEF, evening PEF, or the diurnal PEF variability. However, environmental tobacco smoke was negatively associated with both the morning and evening PEF. CONCLUSIONS: Among the asthmatic adults who participated in this study, we found no apparent impact of personal NO2 exposures on the peak expiratory flow.

Efectos diferidos de contaminantes ambientales y otros agentes en salud reproductiva y sexualidad: un desafío pendiente de la toxicología de la reproducción para la salud de las futuras generaciones / Delayed effects of environmental pollutants and other agents on reproductive health and sexuality: a pending challenge of reproductive toxicology for future generations health

La exposición perinatal a diversos contaminantes ambientales y a otros agentes químicos afecta en formairreversible la diferenciación y programación de diversos tipos celulares, alterando cualitativa y cuantitativamentesus receptores hormonales mediante el mecanismo del imprinting, afectando su función y determinando el desarrollo de diversas patologías más tarde en la vida. En el presente trabajo se describen los agentes más conspicuos que actúan por este mecanismo afectando de por vida la salud reproductiva y la sexualidad. La investigación de este mecanismo, la identificación de sus agentes inductores y el desarrollo de medidas legislativas y administrativas para minimizar el daño constituyen un desafío pendiente para mejorar la saludreproductiva de las futuras generaciones.

Perinatal exposure to various environmental pollutants and other chemical agents irreversibly affects thedifferentiation and programming of various cell-types. This process quantitatively and qualitatively alters their hormone receptors through the mechanism of imprinting, affecting their function and determining the development of various pathologies later in life. The present report describes the most conspicuous agents acting through this mechanism, affecting for life reproductive health and sexuality. The study in detail of this mechanism, the identification of imprinting-inducing agents and the development of legislative and administrative measures to minimize damage constitute a pending challenge to improve future generations reproductive health.

Factores ambientales relacionados con la gravedad del asma / Environmental factors related to asthma severity

Este artículo revisa el papel que juegan los contaminantes del aire intradomiciliario y atmosférico como factores determinantes de la gravedad del asma. Se revisan brevemente las fuentes y los efectos respiratorios y sobre la salud de los principales contaminantes intradomiciliarios. Existe evidencia abundante sobre las respuestas de los asmáticos a la exposición a aeroalergenos intradomiciliarios, tales como los alergenos de los ácaros domésticos. Para alergenos de mascotas, algunos estudios encuentran que una exposición temprana en la vida se asocia a sensibilización y enfermedad alérgica, en tanto que otros comunican un efecto protector. Los efectos de contaminantes intradomiciliarios de la combustión han sido menos caracterizados. Sin embargo, algunos estudios sugieren que ellos podrían estar asociados con exacerbaciones del asma. La exposición a humo de tabaco ha sido relacionada con exacerbación de asma infantil. Además la prevalencia de asma infantil y los ingresos hospitalarios por asma en adultos también se han relacionado con la exposición a humo de tabaco. La exposición de atópicos y asmáticos a contaminantes atmosféricos (O3 y NO2) aumentan la respuesta de las vías aéreas a los aeroalergenos. Por lo tanto, el control de los contaminantes atmosféricos podría disminuir cualquier interacción de contaminantes con alergenos en atópicos y asmáticos.

Studies of some biochemical changes in the tissues of Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to NH3-N, NO2-N and NO3-N.

Biochemical changes, total proteins, glycogen, aspartate and alanine (AAT and ALAT) amino transferases were studied with exposure of sublethal concentrations of NH3-N, NO2-N and NO3-N to the freshwater fish Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Depletion in the food reserves and enzyme activity was observed in all the three fish species exposed to these toxicants. Hence, the concentrations of NH3, NO2 and NO3 in water need to be monitored in water quality in aquaculture practices.

Building related illnesses and indoor air pollution.

Building related illnesses are a common problem in developed countries and are expected to increase rapidly in urban India. Although objective physical abnormalities are not generally found except in a few specific diseases like Legionnaires' disease, the symptoms can be uncomfortable and even disabling. In this review we initially introduce the concept of indoor air pollution and building related illnesses. Subsequently we review the sources of and exposure to the pollutants along with their health effects and the approach to a patient of suspected building related illness. We conclude by discussing the measures for the control of indoor air pollution.

Air pollution related respiratory morbidity in central and north-eastern Bombay.

A study of 4 comparable communities in central & northeastern Bombay (2 each) among randomly matched 349 subjects in 1988-9, along with ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) & suspended particulate matter (SPM) air monitoring was carried out. The levels in winter were higher particularly for SO2 in Parel (upto 584 micrograms) in Maravali; Deonar showed lower pollution. There were inter-area differences for housing, income, residential history but age-sex differences were small; these were reduced by matching. Clinical respiratory symptoms were higher in Parel & Maravali (cough 12% and 11.2%, dyspnoea 17% & 13.3% respectively). Cardiac problems are commoner in Parel (11.0%). Smoker had cough more often but not dyspnoea. Maravali had a high prevalence for headache and eye irritation (9.5%). Those using kerosene suffered more than those using gas (22.2% as compared to 9.2%) Lung functions (FVC, FEVI) were lowest in Parel for males and in Maravali for females. Expiratory flow rates were lower at Dadar and then at Maravali. Despite lower SO2 pollution, Maravali residents suffered equally as in Parel. This may be due to added effect of diesel exhausts (NO2, SPM) or other unmeasured chemicals.

Efectos adversos para la salud de los contaminantes atmosféricos / Air pollutants adverse effect for health

La contaminación atmosférica pude dañar tanto el ambiente natural como el cultural y también la salud de los seres humanos. Los efectos adversos de la contaminación atmosférica puede afectar el sistema respiratorio y también el resto del organismo. Se discuten los efectos adversos respiratorios de la contaminación y el espectro de la respuestas bilógicas al smog. Los estudios epidemiológicos demuestran que al aumentar los niveles de contaminación hay más síntomas respiratorios y un deterioro en las pruebas de función pulmonar en la población expuesta. Se describen resumidamente los efectos respiratorios de la exposición a oxidantes fotoquímicos (especialmente O3, dióxido de azufre, dióxido de nitrógeno y material aéreo particulado. El artículo también resume otros efectos adversos que afectan al resto del organismo, tales como: a) efectos mutagénicos y carcinógenos de componentes de material particulado b) interferencia del monóxido de carbono en el transporte sanguíneo de O2 y en la fosforilación oxidativa mitocondrial, perturbando la función del SNC, la entrega de O2 por la circulación coronaria y el crecimiento fetal c) efectos del plomo sobre la hematopoyesis, SNC y el riñón. Se concluye que los altos niveles de algunos contaminantes atmosféricos registrados en Santiago de Chile pueden ser deletéreos para la salud de sus habitantes. Especialmente para la población que tiene una mayor suceptibilidad a la contaminación atmosférica, es decir niños menores de 5 años, pacientes asmáticos y portadores de enfermedades bronquial crónica obstructiva, embarazadas, pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular y senescentes

Contaminación del aire en ambientes interiores / Indoor air pollution

Los efectos sobre la salud y las fuentes de contaminación del aire de ambientes interiores (CAAI) es un problema importante ya que el 90 porciento del tiempo la población está en ambientes interiores. La CAAI es analizada en términos de exposición, dosis y fuentes. El humo del tabaco es uno de los principales componentes de la CAAI. Se discuten los efectos agudos y crónicos de la exposición pasiva al humo del tabaco (incluyendo el riesgo de cáncer pulmonar). Se ha demostrado un efecto nocivo del hábito tabáquico materno sobre la función pulmonar y sobre la salud de los hijos pequeños. Otros componentes habituales de la CAAI son: Co, NO2, radón, agentes biológicos, compuestos volátiles orgánicos (formaldehido) y partículas (humos). Se describe brevemente las fuentes y los eventuales efectos nocivos para la salud de estos contaminantes. Entre las medidas a fin de controlar la CAAI se debería considerar a las siguientes: mejoría de la ventilación de los ambientes interiores, eliminación o modificación de la fuente productora de contaminantes, uso de un purificdor de aire y promover el cambio de hábitos y conducta de la población